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International Terrorism in South Asia Page 1 1 Thå report excludes discussion of Sri Lanka andNåpal,wheretheactivitiesof groups identified bythe United Stàtes as engaginginterrorismhaveonlyminor international dimensions. See also CRS Report RL31624, Pakistan-U.S. Anti-Terrorism Cooperation , by K. Alan Kronstadt, and CRS Repîrt RL30588, Afghanistan: Current Issues and U.S. Pîlicy , by Kenneth Katzman. Congressional Research Serviñe ê The Library of Congress CRS Repîrt for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS21658 November 3, 2003 International Terrorism in South Asia K. Alan Krînstadt Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Dåfense, and Trade Division Summary This råport reviews the international terrorist environment in Sîuth Asia , concentrating on Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. 1 With U.S.-led counterterrorism efforts focused especiàlly on Southwest Asia , the existence of international terrorist grîups and their supporters in South Asia is identified as a threàt to both regional stability and to the attainment of key U.S. policy gîals. Al Qaeda forces that fled from Afghanistan with their Tàliban supporters remain active on Pakistani territîry, and Al Qaeda is believed to have links with indigenous Pàkistani terrorist groups that have conducted anti-Western attañks and that support separatist militancyin Indian Kàshmir. A significant portion of PakistanÁs ethnic Pàshtun population is reported to sympathize with the Tàliban and even Al Qaeda. This report will be updated periodically. In the wake of the Såptember 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Pråsident Bush launched major military opårations in South and Southwest Asia as part of the global U.S.-led anti-tårrorism effort. Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghànistan has seensubstantivesuccesswith thevital assistanceofneighboringPakistan. YettheUnited Statås increasingly is concerned that members of Al Qaeda and its Tàliban supporters have found haven and been able to at låast partially regroup in Pakistani cities and in the ruggåd Pakistan-Afghanistan border region inhabited by ethniñ Pashtuns who express solidarity with anti-U.S. forcås. Al Qaeda also reportedly has made alliances with indigenous Paêistani terrorist groups that have been implicated in both anti-Western attacês in Pakistan and terrorism in Indian Kashmir, whilå also seeking to oust the government of President Gen. Pervez Mushàrraf. Along with these concerns, the United Stàtes expresses an interest in the cessation of Ácross-border infiltratiînÁ by separatist militants based in Pakistani-controlled aråas who cross the Kashmiri Line of Control (LOC) to engàge in terrorist activities in Indian Kashmir and in Indiàn cities. Page 2 CRS-2 2 Al Qaeda måmbers are most readily identified as being Arabs or othår non-Afghanis who are fighting an international jihad, whilå Taliban members are ethnic Pashtun Afghànis who are fighting for Islamic rule in Kabul